2nd ICAI 2022

International Conference on Automotive Industry 2022

Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic

Selected issues of the energetics of personal electric vehicles Michal Závodník 1 , Zdeněk Mašek 2 , Ondřej Sadílek 3 University of Pardubice 1, 2, 3 Faculty of Transport Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Signalling in Transport (KEEZ) Studentská 95, Pardubice, 532 10 Czech Republic e-mail: michal.zavodnik@student.upce.cz 1 , zdenek.masek@upce.cz 2 , ondrej.sadilek@upce.cz 3 Abstract The paper describes selected issues of electric vehicles (EV) for personal use, from point of view of energetics. Data for the article were collected in real traffic and was used several types of EV. Text is focused to describe the total power consumption of electric energy of EV and its efficiency, on the selected typical types of routes. The influence of the different types of charging (AC/DC) and their efficiency is also covered. The paper also describes the topic of non-traction power consumption (air conditioner, temperature management of the traction battery, 12 V onboard power supply network), which can significantly affect the maximum operating range of EV (typically mainly on routes with low traffic speed - e.g. in town). Data from the summer and winter seasons are compared. In some cases, the comparison between EV and vehicle with a convention combustion engine is done. Keywords: battery, charging, electric vehicle, range, power, consumption JEL Classification: L920, L940, L990 1. Introduction Personal electromobility within the EU is no longer a mere theory, but rather a reality. This is substantiated by EU statistics, which show year-to-year increase of sales of purely battery-based electric vehicles (BEV) from 3% in 2019 to 10.5% in 2020 (ACEA [online], 2021) of the total amount of sold personal vehicles. In Czech Republic, there has been an increase form 0.3% in 2019 to 1.61% in 2020 (according to the Traffic Research Centre [online], 2021). This trend has forced us to stop and think about how efficient the BEV will be not just in precisely defined testing cycles (De Gennaro, 2015), but also what kind of operational values they reach in real conditions and traffic in the Central Europe, especially the Czech Republic. It has been known for a long time that the electrical motor is an indisputable advantage of the BEV. These machines feature high reliability and primarily efficiency, which exceeds 80% (Hayes, 2017), (Albatayneh, 2020). In comparison, conventional, gasoline, internal combustion engine (ICE) is known for its low average efficiency of about 20% (Hayes, 2017). Despite the efficiency of the BEV propulsion being significantly higher, however, the energy density of the battery storage is many times lower compared to the energy density of a gasoline tank in a combustion engine car. Consequently, while

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