BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS / Šturma, Mozetic (eds)

in 1789. Indeed, Bobbio 5 conceives the Declaration as paradigm in the positioning of the rights of the rulers and of the governed, being the first letter of rights to reverse this relation, establishing in the first place the rights and, in a second moment, the duty of the governments in guaranteeing them. As a result of the historical analysis of human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed by the 1948 United Nations General Assembly, should be emphasized. The thirty-article document originally voted by the member countries of the United Nations, except only for the Soviet Union, Ukraine, Belarus, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Yugoslavia, which abstained. The understanding of this terminology is relevant to study the subject of human rights, in order to highlight the rights of all humans, at least in theory, of the rights guaranteed within each country. Precise, however, is the observation that there is not an unique concept of human right and fundamental right in doctrine or even under the law. Concerning the fundamental rights, the differentiation between fundamental civil rights and fundamental social rights is currently discussed. This is because, in reference to the primacy of the French Revolution, it is understood that rights have been subdivided into rights to liberty, equality and fraternity, and therefore, at least historically, 6 three differents generations (or better dimensions) of rights. In Sarlet’s 7 lesson, the expression “dimensions” rather than “generations” is preferable, since the former would remove a possible contradiction caused by the second, in the sense that there would be a substitution of rights to each generation. Indeed, Nery da Silva 8 argues that the idea of “dimensions” would not represent an exclusion or overlapping of rights, but, in fact, a sum, a complementarity. In this sense, Torres 9 recalls that the thesis of the indivisibility of human rights has gained strength in international constitutionalism since the 1990s, so there is no dissociation between civil rights and social rights, given its uniqueness. Such is the view of Piovesan, 10 who asserts that the Federal Constitution of 1988 enshrined the 5 BOBBIO, N.: A Era dos Direitos. Translated by Carlos Nelson Coutinho. Presented by Celso Lafer. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2004. 6 According to COMPARATO, F. K.: A afirmação histórica dos direitos humanos. 3rd edition revised and expanded. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2003, p. 222-224. 7 SARLET, I. W.: A eficácia dos direitos fundamentais: uma teoria geral dos direitos fundamentais na perspectiva constitucional. 12nd edition revised, updated and expanded. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2015, p. 29-45. 8 NERY da SILVA, R. L.: O Estado contemporâneo e a força subjetiva dos direitos sociais. In: BAEZ, N.L.X.; GESTA, R.L.; MEZZAROBA, O. (Coord.).: Dimensões materiais e eficácias dos direitos fundamentais. São Paulo: Conceito Editorial, 2010, p. 188-189. 9 TORRES, R. L.: O mínimo existencial, os direitos sociais e os desafios de natureza orçamentária. In: SARLET, I. W.; TIMM, L. B. (Org.).: Direitos Fundamentais: orçamento e “reserva do possível”. 2nd edition revised and expanded. 2 print run. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2013, p. 65-67. 10 PIOVESAN, F.: Direitos Humanos e o Direito Constitucional Internacional. 14. ed., revised and updated. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2013, p. 91.

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