BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS / Šturma, Mozetic (eds)

appropriation of knowledge in this area and the development of medical knowledge, culminating in the establishment of the medicalization of the female body”. 25 In Brazil, women’s health care measures are already in place in the 1940s. At the beginning of the 1960s, concerns were focused on gestational attention and delivery, mainly due to the introduction of preventive medicine that led to the creation of health centers and, consequently, prenatal care programs. However, obstetric violence, in spite of several attempts to provide women’s and gestational health care, is alarming when it comes to studying the situation, because, according to research on the subject, 25% (twenty-five percent) of the women interviewed (and this represents 592 women) reported that they have already suffered some type of aggression during pregnancy, antenatal consultations or even childbirth. 26 Other research also demonstrates the situation, such as Rehuna (Network for the Humanization of Childbirth and Birth); The “Parto do Princípio” Network, whose work they called “Parirás com Dor” (you’ll give birth painfully); and the Artemis Non- Governmental Organization, which try to combat obstetric violence, which is designated as being practiced against women during prenatal, childbirth and the puerperium. Such is the importance and occurrence of a violation of women’s rights in those periods, that the World Health Organization, at a conference in California in 1985, recommended some practices to be adopted during childbirth, which are: (1) to allow women to take decisions about their care; (2) follow-up during labor; (3) freedom of movement and positions during childbirth; (4) no routine episiotomy; (5) no routine scraping or enema; (6) not dot make routine electronic fetal monitoring; (7) allow the ingestion of liquids and foods in labor; (8) restrict the use of oxytocin and anesthesia; (9) limit cesarean rates to 15%. 27 In Venezuela, in an exploratory study that included 425 users admitted to the Concepción Palacios maternity hospital, located in the city of Caracas, it was discovered that 66.8% of the patients had undergone medical acts without consent and that 49.4% of the users had some form of treatment. 28 Because of that, in 2007, the so-called “Ley orgánica sobre el derecho de las mujeres a una vida libre de violencia” (Organic Law on Women’s Right to a Life Free of Violence) innovated and designated, in it’s 15th article, what is considered to be obstetric violence, characterized as the appropriation of the body and the reproductive processes of women by health professionals, that is expressed in a dehumanized treatment, an abuse of 25 NAGAHAMA, Elizabeth ErikoIshida; SANTIAGO, Silvia Maria. A institucionalização médica do parto no Brasil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva , v. 10, n. 3, p. 656, 2005. Available in: . Acess in July 11, 2017. 26 VENTURI, G. et al. Mulheres brasileiras e gênero nos espaços público e privado . Ago. 2010. 301 p. Available in: . Acess in July 11, 2017, p. 3. 27 TAVERAS, Anthony Gonzalez. Parto humanizado como respuesta a la violencia obstetrica. Revista de Estúdios Criticos del Derecho , v. 11, p. 85, 2015. Available in: . Acess in July 12, 2017. 28 AA.VV. Violencia obstétrica. Un enfoque de derechos humanos . México, GIRE, 2015. Available in: . Acess in December 12, 2017, p. 63.

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