CYIL 2015

THE CREATION OF NEW STATES AND DE FACTO REGIMES, AND THE CASE OF CRIMEA international public law which are different., The International Court of Justice made a statement in this sense as well in its Advisory Opinion on Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations 6 of 1949. According to this Opinion “The subjects of law in any legal system are not necessarily identical in their nature or in the extent of their rights, and their nature depends upon the needs of the community.” For example, sovereign states have full capacity to rights and duties; they have standard setting capacity. An individual has no such standard setting capacity. The extent of rights and duties of international organizations and their standard setting capacity is more limited than that of sovereign states. Some entities (states) are full subjects of international law; others have only partial personality (international organizations). The necessary prerequisite for considering a person (entity) a subject of international public law is its capacity to rights and duties and the requirement that these rights and duties are directly ascribed 7 to this person (entity). 2. Creation of a sovereign state Sovereign states are the main subjects of international law. The unique position of the state arises from the fact that it is the bearer of sovereign authority which is unique and not derived from any other authority. General international law accepted the conclusions of general law doctrine about the three constitutive elements of a state: a people, a territory, a government and sovereignty exercised on the given territory. 8 The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined territory; c) government; and d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states . These features were drawn in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States 9 of 1933. This Convention was concluded only among the Latin American states, but, considering that the rules contained in it are practically recognized by all states, it is generally accepted. According to Malenovský, 10 however, current international law is a legal framework where the principle of effectiveness is regulated by other principles, among them by the principle of legitimacy. Even an entity which does not prove the factual existence of all 6 Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, I.C.J. Reports 1949, paragraph 178. Český překlad in : ŠTURMA, P. a kol. Casebook. Výběr případů z mezinárodního práva veřejného. 2. doplněné vydání. Praha: Univerzita Karlova Právnická fakulta, 2010, s.33 a násl. 7 MALENOVSKÝ, J. Mezinárodní právo veřejné jeho obecná část a poměr k jiným právním systémům, zvláště k právu českému. 5. vydání, Brno: nakl. Doplněk, 2008, s. 104. 8 Ibid ., s. 108. 9 Text Úmluvy in: ONDŘEJ, J., Potočný, M. Obecné mezinárodní právo v dokumentech . 3. vydání. Praha: C.H. Beck, 2010. 10 Supra n. 7, s. 108.

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