CYIL vol. 10 (2019)

MARIANNA NOVOTNÁ CYIL 10 ȍ2019Ȏ the Field of Nuclear Energy 4 ) as well as in the second-generation conventions (The 1997 Protocol to Amend the 1963 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage and The 2004 Protocol to Amend the Paris Convention on Nuclear Third Party Liability). Nuclear damage as a primarily civilist concept applied in private-law relationships of the operator as a liable party and the injured party is deeply affected by its concept shaped at the international level. When compared to the efforts to establish a general definition of the damage within the international law 5 or compared to the definition of the damage in other areas of the international law, the nuclear liability legislation developed a rather precise concept of nuclear damage which, subsequently, was implemented into national legislations or which acts within the laws of contracting states by virtue of legal force of a self-executing norm of the international law. The concept of nuclear damage, as a specifically regulated institute of the nuclear liability legislation, was not left – as far as its nuclear nature is concerned, at least – to jurisprudence and legal practice, but found its legal expression in Art. I (1) (k) of the Vienna Convention 6 jadrové škody. Výzva pre medzinárodnú a národnú zodpovednostnú legislatívu v post-fukušimskom období. [Liability for nuclear damage. A challenge for international and national accountability legislation in the post-Fukushima period]. Bratislava: Veda, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, 2011; HANDRLICA, J. The Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage and Nuclear Installations: Application Problems Revisited. In: Czech Yearbook of Public and Private International Law , Vol. 6, 2015, pp. 149-160. HANNAK, K. Das Wiener Übereinkommen über die Haftung auf dem gebiet von nuklearen Schäden, Archiv für die zivilistische Praxis, Tübingen, 163, 1980; HANDRLICA, J. The Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage and Radioactive Waste Management: Problems Revisited. In: Czech Yearbook of Public and Private International Law , Vol. 8, 2017, pp. 392-403; WOLFF, K.: The Vienna International Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, In WEINSTEN, J. (ed.), Nuclear liability, progress in nuclear energy , Series X, Vol. 4, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966. 4 Hereinafter as the „ Paris Convention”. For further details see: BERMAN, W. H., HYDEMAN, L. M.: A Convention on Third Party Liability for Damage from Nuclear Incidents, American Journal of Inteational Law, Washington, 55, 1961; HAUNSCHILD, H. Europäisches Haftpflichtsrecht auf dem Atomgebiet? Ein Zwischenbericht über die Arbeiten der OEEC zur Vereinheitlichung der nationalen Rechtsvorschriften über die Haftung für Atomschäden, Verwaltungsrecht, Frankfurt, 1957; KAUFMANN, O. K.: La Convention européenne sur la responsabilité civile dans le domaine de l’energie nucléaire, Revue hellénique de droit international, Athens, 13, 1960; KAUFMANN, O., K. Die Europäische Konvention über die zivilrechtliche Haftung im Gebiet der Atomenergie, Atomwirtschaft, 1962; KLARR, H., BAUER, R. Die O.E.E.C.-Konvention über die Haftung gegenüber Dritten auf dem Gebiet der Kernenergie, Atomwirtschaft, 1960; PELZER, N. Das künftige Atomenergierecht als Wirtschaftslenkungsrecht. Atom und Strom, Berlin, 5, 1959; PELZER, N. On modernising the Paris Convention: reasons for revising the Paris Convention, and objectives, Nuclear Law Bulletin, 13, 1973. 5 As a general rule, there is no generally accepted definition of damage as such at level of the international law. This concept is being defined case to case, and, according to a generally accepted opinion in theory and practice, the damage caused by cross-border pollution is understood in a sense of material damage. MILENIN, S., SKOKOV, S., SUPENO, E. The Chornobyl (Chernobyl) Accident and the Future of Nuclear Energy: The Path Towards Safety and Sustainability. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute of Harvard University, 1997. (www. huri.harvard.edu/work1.html). Despite the abovementioned consensus of the international judicial practice and academic circles, it must be admitted that the concept of damage within relationships governed by the international law is not exclusively limited to material damage but it also includes cases of non-economic loss. 6 Nuclear damage” means (i) loss of life, any personal injury or any loss of, or damage to property which arises out of or results from the radioactive properties or acombination of radioactive properties with toxic, explosive or other hazardous 2. Historical connotations of the international nuclear conventions and their impact on the concept of nuclear damage

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