CYIL vol. 12 (2021)

martina Šmuclerová

CYIL 12 (2021)

Preemptive self-defence in cyberspace Martina Šmuclerová

Abstract: Cyberspace gives rise to new challenges and threats to international peace and security. Foreign cyberattacks and interferences are becomingmore frequent and sophisticated and target all domains of society. In our digital and globalized world, a cyberattack can attain similar destructive effects and multifaceted damage as a conventional attack. Its immediacy, undetectability, and the intricate traceability of the author make it difficult for the States to prevent and repel such interferences and to protect themselves. In this light, some States start to claim their right to pre-emptive self-defence in cyberspace. The aim of the article is to present this topical debate and critically analyze the argument of pre-emptive self-defence in the specific conditions of cybersecurity, in light of the current international legal norms and States’ practice. A new potential for further development of international law will be opened. Resumé: Kybernetický prostor dává vznik novým výzvám a hrozbám mezinárodnímu míru a bezpečnosti. Kybernetické útoky a intervence ze zahraničí jsou častější a sofistikovanější a za- sahují všechny oblasti společnosti. V dnešním digitálním a globalizovaném světě může mít kybernetický útok podobné ničivé účinky a způsobit mnohačetné škody jako konvenční útok. Jeho bezprostřednost, neodhalitelnost a náročná identifikace autora ztěžuje státům možnost útokům zabránit, odvrátit je a chránit se. Některé státy si tak začínají nárokovat právo na pre- emptivní sebeobranu v kyberprostoru. Cílem článku je představit aktuální debatu na toto téma a kriticky analyzovat argument preemptivní sebeobrany ve specifických podmínkách kybernetické bezpečnosti, a to ve světle současných norem mezinárodního práva a chování států. Analýza tak nadnese možný potenciál dalšího rozvoje mezinárodního práva. Key words: self-defence, cyberspace, preemptive, anticipatory, use of force, armed attack, cyberattack, inherent right, imminent threat, UN Charter About the Author: Martina Šmuclerová holds Ph.D. in Public International Law and M.A. in International Law and International Organizations from the Sorbonne Law School in Paris, France (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne). Senior Lecturer in Public International Law at Institut d’études politiques de Paris (Sciences PO) in France since 2011. In 2012– 2019, Dr. Šmuclerová served in parallel as an international legal adviser and diplomat at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Introduction Cyberspace gives rise to a whole array of new questions and threats to international peace and security and constitutes an endless fount of challenges for international law. Cyberattacks and interferences are becoming more complex and sophisticated and target both public and private sectors and all strata of society. The covid-19 pandemic and the rise of technology need has further exposed our vulnerabilities. Critical infrastructures including hospitals, governments, organizations and end-users have all been the target. Cyberattacks denying essential health services through ransomware or targeting the covid-19 vaccine development evidence today’s reality. 1 The same destructive effects can be produced by the digital vector in 1 For thepanorama of cyberattacks during the covid-19pandemic, see for exampleMuthuppalaniappan,M.,

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