CYIL vol. 13 (2022)
CYIL 13 ȍ2022Ȏ ANIMUS AGGRESSIONIS: THE ROLE OF INTENT IN THE ANALYSIS OF ARMED … ANIMUS AGGRESSIONIS: THE ROLE OF INTENT IN THE ANALYSIS OF ARMED ATTACK IN CYBERSPACE 1 Jakub Spáčil Abstract: The paper is devoted to the analysis of the right to self-defense in the context of cyber operations, specifically the fulfilment of the subjective element of armed attack - animus aggressionis . The first part of the paper discusses animus aggressionis in general terms in order to demonstrate that the subjective element of armed attack has always been recognized and respected by states as a defining feature of armed attack, but in the case of kinetic operations this element could be presumed without further consideration and therefore has not received much attention in the statements of states or in the academic literature.The second part then discusses the specifics of cyber operations, in particular the unpredictability of their consequences, and highlights the risks of the prevailing doctrine of “scale and effects”, the application of which can lead to unnecessary escalation of conflict. It is demonstrated that animus aggressionis must be taken into account. The final part of the paper proposes a standard for assessing animus aggressionis derived from international criminal law ( mens rea ). Resumé: Článek je věnován analýze práva na sebeobranu v kontextu kybernetických operací, konkrétně naplnění subjektivního prvku ozbrojeného útoku – animus aggressionis . V první části článku je animus aggressionis rozebrán v obecné rovině s cílem ukázat, že subjektivní prvek ozbrojeného útoku byl vždy státy uznáván a respektován jako definiční znak ozbrojeného útoku, avšak v případě kinetických operací bylo možné tento prvek bez dalšího předpokládat, a proto mu ve vyjádřeních států ani v odborné literatuře nebyla věnována větší pozornost. Druhá část se pak zabývá specifiky kybernetických operací, zejména nepředvídatelností jejich důsledků, a upozorňuje na rizika převládající doktríny “rozsahu a účinků”, jejíž uplatňování může vést ke zbytečné eskalaci konfliktu. V závěrečné části článku je navržen standard pro posouzení animus aggressionis odvozený z mezinárodního trestního práva ( mens rea ). Key words: Article 51 UN Charter; self-defense, armed attack; animus aggressionis; intent to hurt; mens rea; cyber operations; cyber attacks About the Author: Jakub Spáčil has been a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of International and European Law at the Faculty of Law of Palacký University in Olomouc since 2020, where he focuses on the application of international law in cyberspace. His dissertation research deals mainly with the right of self-defense, countermeasures, the plea of necessity and retorsion in the context of cyber operations. Introduction The predictability of the consequences of cyber operations is very low compared to kinetic operations. 2 Nevertheless, the prevailing view so far is that it is sufficient to fulfil the 1 The article was written as an output of the project “Cyber Operations fulfilling the characteristics of an armed attack pursuant to art. 51 of the Charter of the United Nations” implemented under the auspices and with the financial support of the Faculty of Law of Palacký University in Olomouc. 2 NGUYEN, R. Navigating Jus Ad Bellum in the Age of Cyber Warfare. California Law Review , 2013, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 1099, 1122.
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