CYIL vol. 14 (2023)

PAVLÍNA KRAUSOVÁ

CYIL 14 (2023)

2.3 G20 The G20 was founded in 1999 after the Asian financial crisis as a forum for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss global economic and financial issues. In 2007, it was elevated to the level of Heads of State or Government and in 2009, it was designated by its leaders as the “premier forum for international economic cooperation”. The G20 Summit is held annually, under the leadership of a rotating Presidency. The G20 comprises 19 countries 33 and the European Union. The G20 members represent around 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about two-thirds of the world population. 34 International organizations such as OECD, IMF, World Bank, or UN are often entrusted by the G20 to provide them with technological proposals in preparation for its meetings, including background papers and research reports. Compared to them, the G20 has its advantages in flexibility and confidentiality, although it has taken some measures for improving transparency. 35 2.4 OECD OECD is an international organization of governments with a mission in the area of economic, social, and environmental challenges. The forerunner of the OECD was the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), 36 which was formed to administer American and Canadian aid under the Marshall Plan. 37 The original membership has expanded over the years and today OECD is comprised of 38 members, with the latest addition of Costa Rica in 2021. 38 Membership to the OECD is generally regarded as a synonym of economic development, pursuing the policy interests of developed countries, which are in most cases capital exporters, 39 but the member country economies vary substantially, which is also reflected in their tax policies. 40 Most work in the tax area is done by the Committee on Fiscal Affairs (CFA). The Committee meets twice a year in Paris. Country representatives are generally high-level officials in national treasuries and tax administrations. Much of the preparatory work for the CFA meetings is done by the CFA Bureau, an executive Committee that meets periodically between the CFA plenary meetings. 41 While the OECD has limited institutional power, its 33 The countries include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Türkiye, United Kingdom, and United States. 34 G20. (2023). G20 – Background Brief. https://www.g20.org/content/dam/gtwenty/gtwenty_new/about_g20/ G20_Background_Brief.pdf. 35 ZHU, J. (2016). G20 Institutional Transition and Global Tax Governance. Pacific review , 29 (3), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1154687 pp. 466–467. 36 The Convention transforming the OEEC into the OECD was signed at the Chateau de la Muette in Paris on 14 December 1960 and entered into force on 30 September 1961. 37 OECD. (2021b). The OECD at 60. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=1059_1059103-whi5k2wv7w&ti tle=OECD-at-60. 38 OECD. OECD welcomes Costa Rica as its 38th Member. Available at https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/oecd welcomes-costa-rica-as-its-38th-member.htm accessed on 17.5.2023. 39 VALDERRAMA, I. J. M. (2015). Legitimacy and the Making of International Tax Law: The Challenges of Multilateralism. World Tax J. , 2015 , [73]. Section 4.2. 40 AULT, H. J. (2008). Reflections on the Role of the OECD in Developing International Tax Norms. Brook. J. Int’l L. , 34 , 757, p. 759. 41 Ibid. p. 760.

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