NGOs under European Convention on Human Rights / Tymofeyeva

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

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CHAPTER I THE NOTION ‘NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION ’ 1.1 GENERAL DEFINITION OF ‘NGO’ IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 17 1.1.1 Doctrine of international law 17 1.1.2 Universal human rights documents 20 1.1.3 Regional human rights documents 26 1.1.3.1 American, African and Asian human rights documents 27 American human rights mechanisms 27 African human rights mechanisms 28 Asian human rights mechanisms 30 1.1.3.2 European human rights documents 30 Council of Europe treaties 31 The other European human rights mechanisms 36 1.2 SPECIAL DEFINITION OF ‘NGO’ IN THE CONVENTION 39 1.2.1 The term ‘non-governmental organisation’ in Article 34 of the Convention 39 1.2.1.1 General considerations 39 Independence from the state 39 Distinction between different categories of the applicants 42 1.2.1.2 Victim status 47 Direct victim 47 Indirect victim 49 Potential victim 51 1.2.1.3 Formal existence 54 NGO in liquidation and the rights of shareholders 56 1.2.1.4 Special forms in which NGOs under Article 34 may exist 58 Profit-making organisation 59 Political parties 64 1.2.2 Roles of NGOs under the Convention 69 1.2.2.1 Role of an applicant 70 Rights of an applicant 71 Duties of an applicant 74

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