New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

exacerbating existing inequalities between nations, forming new dependencies and opening possibilities for new forms of influence and manipulation. Addressing these issues requires not only deep technical knowledge but also forward thinking and a strong ethical base. While regulation is often perceived as limiting or prohibiting, it can also be empowering and enabling. Striking the right balance is crucial, as effective international regulation can foster innovation, protect human rights, and prevent the misuse of technology. This collection of articles provides a fascinating glimpse into this new world of technology and international law. The volume offers several papers addressing international law related to the use of technologies in war and for security reasons. In chapter I, Triantafyllos Kouloufakos looks at legal frameworks for the protection of critical infrastructure, and Michael J. Pollard analyses the regulation of armed swarms. Meanwhile, in chapter VI, Agata Starkowska and Michał Byczyński analyze international laws‘ regulations on cyber security and defence. In chapter VI, Robert Łasa, Marek Gerle, Adam Crhák, and Szymon Skalski look at various international aspects of regulating cyber crimes, also related to the laws of war. Lucia Bakošová, Juraj Panigaj, Charles Ross Bird, in their respective contributions in chapter III, focus on how technology influences environmental law through the lenses of biological diversity, sustainable development and appropriation of outer space. Technological challenges arising for developing countries are addressed by Pavlína Krausová, Oshokha Caleb Ilegogie in chapter IV, while Nikolas Sabján contributes with the analysis of EU cyber sanctions. In chapter II, Mohamed Gomaa and Marcin Gudajczyk address the technological changes as well as implications for international judicial systems and access to justice. The final chapter is devoted to the interaction of human rights and new technology, where Foto Pappa, Veronika D’Evereux and Aphrodite Papachristodoulou analyze digital agriculture, artificial intelligence and border controls. This new research on international law is vital for conceptualizing and realizing Europe‘s role in the current technological transformation. While almost all technology giants with capabilities and resources for groundbreaking innovations are located in the Americas and Asia, Europe, for good or for bad, is capable of regulating those innovations and exerting that influence far beyond its immediate territory. 2

2 Bradford A, The Brussels Eff ect: How the European Union Rules the World (OUP, 2019), p. 7.

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