New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

The SSU organised a seminar for information security personnel in government bo dies and strategic entities. 709 During this seminar, the participants developed algorithms for cooperative action to react and minimise the negative effects of relevant cyber at tacks. Another Ukrainian response to cyber attacks from Russia was to get help from the worldwide informal hacking movement ‘Anonymous’. 710 Moreover, the SSU connected the systems of more than 1,700 government structures and strategic facilities to a specialised MISP-UA platform for sharing information about detected incidents. 3. Some sanctions, in particular technological ones It is impossible not to address the issue of sanctions in response to Russia’s actions when discussing violations. The framework of this paper only allows for a selective fo cus on sanctions, so it seems justified to take an EU perspective, as we have adopted a European perspective on the Russian-Ukrainian conflict from the outset of the inter view. In principle, EU sanctions can be divided into individual, economic and diplo matic. EU sanctions are designed mostly to weaken Russia’s economic base: depriving the country of access to critical technologies and markets and significantly reducing its war-making capabilities. 711 When it comes to the individual ones, we have to notice that EU individual sanctions currently apply to almost 1 800 individuals and entities, such as banks and financial institutions, military and defence companies, companies in the aerospace, shipbuilding and mechanical engineering sectors, armed forces and paramilitary groups, political par ties. Among the economic sanctions, which interestingly already took place at the begin ning of the first decade of the 21st century during the first Ukraine-Russia crisis, were: restricting Russia’s access to EU capital and financial markets banning transactions with the Russian Central Bank banning the delivery of euro banknotes to Russia. Others include, for example, a ban on oil and coal imports from Russia and a price ceiling re lated to the maritime transport of Russian oil, closure of EU skies to all Russian aircraft and entry ban for Russian road hauliers. The most interesting and relevant to the topic of the study appear to be the techno logical and media sanctions, which include, for example, from 2022, the suspension of broadcasting activities and licences of a number of Kremlin-backed broadcasters sprea 709 ‘Od początku roku SBU zneutralizowała prawie 4 tys. cyberataków na władze i infrastrukturę krytyczną Ukrainy’ ( Security Service of Ukraine , 3 October 2023) accessed 16 December 2023. 710 Taube F, ‘Wojna w Ukrainie. Szczególna rola cyberataków’ ( DW , 1 March 2022) accessed 16 December 2023. 711 Council of the European Union, EU sanctions against Russia, Press release accessed 16 December 2023.

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