New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

While the automation of various systems can significantly enhance their efficiency, it is crucial to ensure that AI-based decisions are non-discriminatory. Rigorous testing to uncover potential biases in AI decision-making and subsequent verification by humans might be essential for the practical use of these systems. When it comes to the use of AI systems in practice in a way that would have impact on human rights, this should be done while respecting the principle of proportionality and the principle of necessity. Furthermore, the principle of legal certainty should be also respected, which is essential both for the developers of these systems and for their users, which may affect, among other things, supervision in the field of banking, financial services or personal data protection, in the field of healthcare and various certification programs. 831 Considering that these new technologies are constantly developing and are truly diverse in terms of the spectrum of areas in which they are used, it is desirable to continuously assess and evaluate the impact of these technologies on the protection of human rights. 832 In practice, however, it may happen that new technologies are assessed or researched mainly from the point of view of their technical aspects and methods of use, but the impact of these technologies on human rights is much less evaluated, or possibly this assessment might focus mainly on cases where technology would affect human rights in a negative way. 2. Technologies operating on the principle of artificial intelligence developed and/or used in Israel In the year 2022 Israeli Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology announced launching the National Artificial Intelligence (AI) plan, which is a long-term plan aimed at assisting in development and implementation of the AI in the public sector. The State of Israel strives to become one of the leaders (besides the USA and China) in the AI technologies by 2030. 833 Israel has a powerful technological strength and is often referred to as the “start-up nation” because of the large number of start-up companies in comparison to the size of its population. Israel understands that it is necessary to compensate its lack of natural resources and limited human resources by investing in human resources and technologies and focusing on developing the national security strategy is the key to success. This for example reflects the fact that Israel is one of the world’s largest weapons exporters and the level of the Israeli security industries turned Israel into a technological and economic power. 834 Many countries in this aspect rely on Israel. The competitive advantage of Israel’s security industry is its close relationship with Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) which is interconnected with research, academia, 831 See, Antebi L, ‘Artificial Intelligence and National Security in Israel.’ Memorandum No. 207 ( INSS Tel Aviv University , 2021) . 832 Ibid., pp. 8–9. 833 ‘Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the government data revolution’ ( INDA , 19 July 2022) accessed 29 October 2023. 834 Sheer S, ‘The State of Artificial Intelligence Israel’ ( Innovation Center Denmark , 2019) accessed 29 October 2023.

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