Sustainable Solutions for SCM

(6.5)

and so the capacity utilisation is 39%. Over 60% of the maximum load in terms of weight or not used. The average load factor of long distance routes with heavy trucks was 2013 in Germany 55% [11]. Load factors of 100% are reached with building materials. Concrete or steel are heavy and use the complete payload capacity. Specification of the cargo According to [3], it could make sense to group different kinds of cargo if no real data for the calculation of the energy consumption and thus the emission are available: Bulk goods like coal, oil, ore, fertiliser. Average goods like consumer goods. Volume goods like a passenger car, clothes, seat furniture. For bulk or heavy goods a full load can be assumed. For average and volume goods the load factors can vary between 20 and 80%. Example 4: A train delivers coal to a power plant. Due to the high density of the coal and the bulk form of transported good, the load factor is 100%. There is no load back to the warehouse. Therefore, the empty trip factor is 1. In this case, the capacity utilisation is just 50%. Process of the calculation for energy consumption and emissions according to EN 16258 [4] The process of the calculation is based on the vehicle operations systems VOS. The vehicle operation systems are a specific cycle of a vehicle. The VOS can be done for just one vehicle or for all vehicles of the transportation department of a company. 1. Separate the total transport in single legs without changing the transport mode. 2. Set up the vehicle operations systems VOS for the legs including the routes, vehicle types, empty trips. 3. Quantitative measurement of the total energy consumption F of the VOS. 4. Conversion of the measured energy consumption in a standardised energy consumption E system including the calculation of the CO 2 e. For step 4, the standardised energy E consumption is given by E = F x e (6.6) In equation (6.6) the energy consumption F can be given in l, kg or kWh depending on the type of energy usage (diesel, heavy oil or electricity). Because the energy consumption can have different values, a specific conversion factor e is needed to calculate the standardised energy consumption E . The emission G in terms of CO 2 e is calculated by: G = F x g (6.7)

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