Sustainable Solutions for SCM

• Mobile data (wireless data communication using radio waves to send and receive real time computer data). • Wireless vehicle safety communications (electronic sub-system in vehicles for the purpose of exchanging safety information about things like road hazards, speed etc.). • Emergency warning system for vehicles (matches warning information with surrounding vehicles in the vicinity of travel). • Intelligent vehicle technologies (includes self-contained autonomous electro- mechanical sensors). • Carsharing (allows an organisation to track its members’ usage and bill them on a pay-as-you-go basis). • Vehicle insurance (drivers’ behaviour ismonitored directly and this information is transmitted to an insurance company). 1. Floating car data Obtains travel time and speed data from vehicles travelling along the street by using a triangulation method (from mobile phones), vehicle re-identification (detectors mounted along the road) or GPS based methods. This technology provides advantages like lower cost (compared to sensors or cameras), more coverage, faster set-up, less maintenance and operation in all weather conditions. [8] 2. Sensing technologies Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle-based and infrastructure-based networked systems. Infrastructure sensors are indestructible devices that are installed or embedded in the road or surrounding the road and may be manually disseminated during preventive road construction maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment. Vehicle sensing systems include deployment of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to- infrastructure electronic beacons for identification communication and may also employ automatic number plate recognition or vehicle magnetic signature detection technologies. Sensors can detect vehicles by inductive loops, video cameras, Bluetooth, audio signal and information fusion from multiple traffic sensing modalities. [17] 3. Intelligent transport applications [13] Among intelligent transport applications belong: • Emergency vehicle notification systems (emergency call generated either manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in- vehicle sensors after an accident). • Automatic road enforcement (used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed limit or some other legal traffic requirement and automatically issue a ticket to offenders based on the license plate number). • Variable speed limits (variable speed limits that change with road congestion and other factors). • Collision avoidance systems (sensors notify objects ahead of the vehicle). • Dynamic traffic light sequence.

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