CYIL vol. 10 (2019)

MAGDALÉNA SVOBODOVÁ CYIL 10 ȍ2019Ȏ ENHANCED COOPERATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION – – THE EXPERIENCE WITH THE INSTRUMENT AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR THE FUTURE OF THE EU Magdaléna Svobodová Abstract: Enhanced cooperation in the European Union (or closer cooperation originally) was introduced 20 years ago and enables deeper integration in certain areas to the willing Member States. However, Member States had not established enhanced cooperation until the Lisbon Treaty entered into force in 2009. For the time being, there have been five cases of enhanced cooperation established. First, the paper aims at analysing the reasons for establishing enhanced cooperation in the EU thus far and evaluating the experience with this legal instrument. Second, the author shall consider its potential for the future of the EU. In its White paper on the future of Europe from 2017, the Commission mentions scenario No 3 “Those who want more do more” and enhanced cooperation may serve as one of appropriate instruments to put this scenario into practice. Resumé: Posílená spolupráce v Evropské unii (resp. původně užší spolupráce) byla zavedena před 20 lety a umožňuje hlubší integraci členských států v určitých oblastech. Členské státy nicméně začali navazovat posílenou spolupráci až po vstupu Lisabonské smlouvy v platnost v roce 2009. Dosud takto byla navázána v pěti případech. Cílem příspěvku je nejprve analy- zovat důvody pro dosavadní navazování posílené spolupráce a zhodnotit zkušenosti s tímto právním nástrojem. Následně autorka zváží potenciál posílené spolupráce pro budoucnost EU. Evropská komise ve své Bílé knize o budoucnosti Evropy z roku 2017 zmiňuje jako jeden z možných scénářů dalšího vývoje č. 3 „Státy, které chtějí, dělají více“. Posílená spolu- práce může sloužit jako jeden z vhodných nástrojů k naplnění tohoto scénáře. Key words: enhanced cooperation, closer cooperation, European Union, differentiation, White paper on the future of Europe, Lisbon Treaty About the Author: JUDr. Magdaléna Svobodová, Ph.D. is a senior lecturer at Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Law, Department of European Law. Introduction The European Commission 1 in its White paper on the future of Europe 2 issued in 2017 observes that the European Union 3 has been challenged by a number of crises recently, including the vote of the United Kingdom to leave the EU. It admits that citizens’ trust in the EU has decreased. “Around a third of citizens trust the EU today, when about half of Europeans did so ten years ago.” 4 It adds that “many Europeans consider the Union as either too distant or too interfering in their day-to-day lives.” 5 Furthermore, the Commission presents five (unsurprising) scenarios for Europe by 2025 in order to debate on the future 1 Hereinafter also referred to as the “Commission”. 2 White paper on the future of Europe – Reflections and scenarios for the EU27 by 2025 of 1 March 2017 , COM(2017)2025.

3 Hereinafter also referred to as “EU” or “Union”. 4 White paper on the future of Europe, p. 12. 5 White paper on the future of Europe, p. 6.

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