CYIL vol. 12 (2021)

CYIL 12 (2021) THE DECARBONIZATION PROCESS, NUCLEAR ENERGETICS POTENTIAL … the Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Program (HEEP), a tool for economic evaluation of large- scale hydrogen production with the use of nuclear energy 4 . Let’s mention some examples at the national level. A study on the feasibility of development of nuclear energy systems producing both hydrogen and low-carbon electrical energy is carried out within the framework of the H2@Scale initiative launched in early 2020 by the United States Department of Energy . A model of the entire energy system was created within the framework of the Energy Systems Catapult non- profit initiative in the United Kingdom; it now enables the use of state-of-the-art nuclear technologies for hydrogen production. A program implemented in the Russian Federation by the Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation provides for the use of electrolysis based on the electrical energy generated by the nuclear power plants, as well as thermochemical production using high temperature gas-cooled reactors 5 . In the coming years, Rosatom State Corporation (i.e. represented by Rusatom Overseas, JSC) will implement Russian hydrogen solutions in a number of projects for the development of hydrogen energetics and transportation, including on the international scale 6 . In addition, nuclear energy has many non-electric applications to hydrogen production. These include, for instance, centralized heat supply to houses and enterprises, heating and cooling for industrial purposes, as well as seawater desalination to expand the availability of drinking water 7 . 2. Legal regulation for nuclear energy facilities use The legal regulation for nuclear energy facility use has a sufficiently developed international legal framework extended at the level of national legislations. We would call your attention to the following multilateral interstate conventions: • The Convention on Early Notification of A Nuclear Accident of 1986 8 , • the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency of 1986 9 , • the Convention on Nuclear Safety of 1994 10 and • the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage of 1963 11 . The above conventions, inter alia , embrace nuclear power plants. We also note the acts of the International Atomic Energy Agency . For instance, the IAEA safety standards are dedicated to the safety of nuclear power plants 12 . Detailed nuclear laws have also been formed at the 4 https://www.iaea.org/ru/yadernaya-energetika-i-perehod-k-ekologicheski-chistoy-energii/bolshe-chem-prosto- istochnik-energii. 5 https://www.iaea.org/ru/yadernaya-energetika-i-perehod-k-ekologicheski-chistoy-energii/bolshe-chem-prosto- istochnik-energii. 6 https://www.rosatom.ru/journalist/news/predpriyatie-toplivnoy-kompanii-rosatoma-tvel-sozdast-lineyku- produktov-dlya-vodorodnoy-energetiki/?sphrase_id=1878797. 7 https://www.iaea.org/ru/yadernaya-energetika-i-perehod-k-ekologicheski-chistoy-energii/bolshe-chem-prosto- istochnik-energii.

8 https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/incinfo.shtml. 9 https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/nuchelp.shtml.

10 https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/infcirc449_rus.pdf. 11 Bulletin of International Treaties. 2005. No. 11. P. 35–46.

12 For example: Design of Instrumentation and Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants 2018// https://www. iaea.org/ru/publications/13425/design-of-instrumentation-and-control-systems-for-nuclear-power-plants; Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Commissioning and Operation 2017// https://www.iaea.org/ru/publications/11058/safety-of-

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